Thin-lens equation
Leave one of focal length (f), object distance (u) or image distance (v) blank to solve for the third value and magnification.
Open calculatorSnell’s law of refraction
n₁ sin(θ₁) = n₂ sin(θ₂), with angles measured from the surface normal. When light travels into a lower-index medium above the critical angle (sin θ₂ > 1), total internal reflection occurs.
°
Angle of refraction (θ₂)
19.47°
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Light passing from air (n₁ = 1.0) into glass (n₂ = 1.5) at 30° refracts to ~19.47°.
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